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Bruce Smith served initially as the Director of Community Programs (1989 – 1995). In 1995 he transitioned to two roles, held concurrently, as the Director, Office of Government and Community Programs and the Deputy Director, Division of Public Health Practice (1995 – 2003). His final roles (also concurrent) at the Harvard School of Public Health were as the Director of Community Relations for the Division of Public Health Practice and the Office of Government and Community Programs (2003 – 2012). &#13;
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The Division of Public Health Practice at the Harvard School of Public Health, now known as the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, began in 1998. It was founded and initially directed by Dr. Deborah Prothrow-Stith, then directed by Dr. Howard Koh from 2004-2009. It served as a conduit between the work of Harvard School of Public Health academic departments, governmental and corporate agencies, and the community. The mission of the division encompassed education, research, and service. Programs included under the umbrella of the division were the Minority Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, the Office of Government and Community Programs, the Preventive Medicine Program, the Program for Health Care Negotiation and Conflict Resolution, the Program to Eliminate Health Disparities, and the Violence Prevention Program. In 2009 the division was dissolved, and its activities were absorbed by the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, the Department of Health Policy and Management, and the Division of Policy Translation and Leadership.&#13;
&#13;
In this interview Bruce discusses his career and experiences while working for the Harvard School of Public Health. This includes his leadership roles with local communities in Boston, including Mission Hill (which is where Harvard’s Longwood Campus is located).  He also discusses growing up in Boston, Massachusetts. (Total running time: 2H05M42S).</text>
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&#13;
Julia McCatty was the first Black person to graduate from the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital School of Nursing (Class of 1956). In a lively conversation with the hospital archivist and Sasha Dubois, a nurse administrator from the Brigham and president of the New England Regional Black Nurses Association, Mrs. Collymore discusses her upbringing in Boston and her ambition to become a registered nurse despite being discouraged from that objective due to prejudice. She shares many stories from her long and successful career in nursing. Ms. Dubois and Mrs. Collymore compare their experiences as nurses with half a century of time between them. (Total running time: 1:11:28.)&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Brigham and Women’s hospital anesthesiologist and bioengineer, James Philip, ME, MD, invented and developed the resistance monitoring infusion pump. Flow into an IV was varied a small amount and the resulting pressure change was measured to determine infusion resistance. The amount of resistance was used to tell (with an alarm) when fluid was infusing into tissues instead of properly into veins, thus avoiding potential injury to the patient. This prototype demonstrated what the commercial IVAC Signature™ Pump (US Patent 4898576)  would do. The commercial product was used throughout the healthcare industry for many years. </text>
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                <text>Brigham and Women’s Hospital anesthesiologist and bioengineer, James Philip, ME, MD, and Daniel Raemer Ph.D., developed the first bolus plus infusion pump for intravenous drug administration with the Baxter-Bard InfusOR Syringe Pump. This device delivered a bolus (sudden large intravenous drug dose to increase blood level of drug immediately) simultaneous with increased infusion rate to maintain a constant level of a drug in the blood.  Magnetically attachable coded labels for different drugs enforced safety limits and provided a starting setting to properly tailor the therapy to the patient. This was the first pump to serve controlled drug infusion needs. It remained on the world market for 25 years. </text>
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                <text>Within anesthesia machines, delivery of the anesthetic to the patient’s airway is the job of the “breathing system” which incorporates a mask or a tracheal tube. Dr. Ralph Waters (1883–1979) introduced this simple device in 1923 designed to prevent the exhalation of anesthetic into the ambient air or to prevent the patient from rebreathing their own carbon dioxide. Waters placed a carbon dioxide absorber, soda lime, in the canister between the gas inlet and the air reservoir bag. The patient was able to rebreathe anesthetic, “to-and-fro,” while the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was filtered out.</text>
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                <text>A standard vaporizer on the popular Kinet-O-Meter anesthesia machines created by the Ohio Chemical and Manufacturing company from the 1930s through the 1960s, the Ohio No. 8 vaporizer improved the Boyle Bottle by adding a control dial for pushing the carrier gas through the liquid anesthetic, a wick to create more surface area to vaporize the liquid anesthetic, and a bypass valve to control the flow of gas to the patient. </text>
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                <text>In the late 1940s Lucien Morris' design, called the "Copper Kettle" was the first vaporizer to deliver a precise concentration of any volatile vapor to the patient. By using copper, a good heat conductor, it maintained near-constant temperature, and thus steady vapor pressure. The Copper Kettle could be calibrated for use with any liquid anesthetic and was adjustable by the anesthesiologist to meet the changing needs of the patient throughout surgery.</text>
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                <text>This variable bypass vaporizer was the first to allow the anesthetist to directly set the percentage of anesthetic agent with a dial. The British Cyprane Company produced the Fluotec® vaporizer (commercial name Fluothane®) in the late 1950s to be used exclusively with the newly discovered anesthetic Halothane. </text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;BWH Bulletin, &lt;/em&gt;November 26, 1999, page 2.</text>
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                <text>Modified Esmarch (style 1877) ether/ chloroform mask, Masque de Demarquey, by French manufacturer Mathieu. The folding frame was intended to make the mask adjustable over diverse facial anatomy. Masks like these were covered with a gauze cloth, then placed over the patient’s mouth and nose, while drops of either chloroform or ether were applied to the cloth until the patient became insensible.</text>
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                <text>Mathieu, manufacturer.</text>
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                <text>Accessing collections in the Warren Anatomical Museum and the Warren Anatomical Museum archive requires advanced notice. Please submit a request to Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu to access the displayed item</text>
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                <text>physical object</text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 22033</text>
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            <name>Provenance</name>
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                <text>Found in Collections</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>The First Operation Under Ether</text>
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                <text>Anesthetics, Inhalation</text>
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                <text>An 8' x 10' painting by Robert Hinckley depicting the first operation under ether which took place on October 19, 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. William Morton demonstrated the anesthetic properties of ether during a surgery performed by John Collins Warren.</text>
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                <text>Original work is owned by the Boston Medical Library.</text>
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                <text>Oil painting</text>
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                <text>L'Anestesia</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>19th century, Italian etching (possibly a reprint of an 18th century original). A dentist prepares his patient for a “painless” extraction with the help of a club in this comic illustration.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>N. F. Diana</text>
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                <text>Publié par P. V.</text>
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            <description>Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242878">
                <text>Access to the original work depicted requires advance notice. Contact Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu for additional information</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>image</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242880">
                <text>Harvard Medical Library, Medical Prints and Satires, SA.L01.05</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>colored etching [?] printed on paper</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Dentistry</text>
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                <text>"Painless" Poster</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Poster for "Painless" an exhibit of objects and images from the history of anesthesiology curated by Brigham and Women's Hospital Archivist, Catherine Pate, originally produced for the Brigham Education Institute in 2018–2019.&#13;
&#13;
The background image of this exhibit poster is a reproduction of  "Amputation," 1785, a satirical etching/aquatint by Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827).  The original print of "Amputation" is Image Number 467 in the  Harvard Medical Library collection, Center for the History of Medicine in the Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard University&#13;
&#13;
Rowlandson contrasts the horror on the face of a patient experiencing an amputation in the pre-anesthesia era with the clinical indifference of the observing surgeons. The skeleton in the background shows the only sympathy. The artist mocks 18th century surgeons’ skills with the satirical names posted on the wall. </text>
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                <text>Catherine Pate</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>2018</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242864">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all materials in this collection. For use information, consult Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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            <name>Access Rights</name>
            <description>Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242865">
                <text>Access to the original work depicted requires advance notice. Contact Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu for additional information</text>
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                <text>See also: &lt;a href="https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/12990"&gt;https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/12990&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Harvard Medical Library</text>
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            <description>Date of copyright.</description>
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                <text>2018</text>
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                <text>Posters</text>
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                <text>Rowlandson, Thomas, 1756-1827&#13;
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                <text>Caricatures</text>
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                <text>Satires (document genre)</text>
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                <text>Amputation</text>
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            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
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                <text>23" x 23"</text>
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                  <text>Harvard School of Public Health: Miscellaneous</text>
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                <text>Inner view of room size respirator, 1932.</text>
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artificial respiration</text>
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                <text>Inner view of room size respirator in the basement of Infant's Hospital. Arranged so that nurses had direct access to patients, 1932.</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>From a collection of unprocessed images related to a respiration exhibit at Children's Hospital, circa 1950s. </text>
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                <text>1932</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="242845">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all materials in this collection. For use information, consult Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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            <description>Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242846">
                <text>Access to the original work depicted requires advance notice. Contact Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu for additional information</text>
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                <text>Row 28, Bay J, Shelf 7 in 2022</text>
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                <text>The objects inside this kit indicate that the original owner was probably an obstetrician who may have been a practitioner of Dämmerschlaf or “Twilight Sleep.” A combination of morphine, to mitigate pain, and scopolamine to cause amnesia, was given by injection to women in labor. It caused many women to forget their labor pain, but the drug combination could also cause extreme or violent behavior.  In 1914, reports of “pain free” deliveries in Europe gave rise in the U.S. to the National Twilight Sleep Association, which successfully campaigned for the widespread adoption of the technique. &#13;
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum, Amputation set, 1810-1826</text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 21411</text>
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                <text>This amputation set was created between 1810 and 1826 and was originally presented to James Anderson M.D. by one Doctor Francis between 1826 and 1827. It was kept in the personal collection of Dr. G. H. Washburn of Boston and was donated by his son, Dr. Alfred H. Washburn, to the Warren Anatomical Museum.</text>
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                <text>Modified Schimmelbusch (style 1889) ether/chloroform mask. Masks like these were covered with a gauze cloth, then placed over the patient’s mouth and nose, while drops of either chloroform or ether were applied to the cloth until the patient became insensible.  Note the trough edge designed to catch excess anesthetic and keep it from irritating the patient’s face, and the ring clamp which kept the cloth tightly in place. </text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 22032</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 21070</text>
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                <text>Stethoscopes</text>
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                <text>Flexible monaural stethoscope</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242600">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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          <element elementId="101">
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                <text>Accessing collections in the Warren Anatomical Museum and the Warren Anatomical Museum archive requires advanced notice. Please submit a request to Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu to access the displayed item</text>
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                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 03822</text>
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          <element elementId="128">
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                <text>Donated by J.B.S. Jackson in 1871</text>
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                <text>May 27, 1927: After Phillip Drinker’s and Louis Shaw’s successful laboratory and animal experimentation using positive and negative pressure to produce artificial respiration, Dr. Drinker tested the concept on himself on the roof of the Harvard School of Public Health at 55 Van Dyke Street (now called Shattuck Street).  &#13;
&#13;
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242585">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all materials in this collection. For use information, consult Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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          <element elementId="101">
            <name>Access Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242586">
                <text>Access to the original work depicted requires advance notice. Contact Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu for additional information</text>
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          <element elementId="116">
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                <text>Harvard Medical School Faculty and Staff Portrait Collection: D-W, ca. 1774-2001., Ser. 00138, M-CL02, S068.02</text>
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                <text>The original photographs were likely removed from Philip Drinker's research notebook, "Breathing Machine, 9/26/27 to 12/16/28" (Harvard Medical Library collection, Center for the History of Medicine in the Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard University, call number 1.Mh.1928.D) at some time in the past and later slotted into the faculty image collection. Dr. Drinker donated his notebook to Harvard Medical School in 1955.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242576">
                <text>Peter Bent Brigham Hospital Respiration Laboratory, circa 1914</text>
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                <text>Peter Bent Brigham Hospital</text>
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                <text>Image is from a Peter Bent Brigham Hospital booklet of pictures and information about the hospital, published circa 1914.</text>
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                <text>Peter Bent Brigham Hospital records, 1830– (inclusive), 1911–1980 (bulk). BWH c3. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass. </text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Dual earpiece, teaching stethoscope, circa 1960s </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>This teaching stethoscope has one chest piece and two sets of binaural joined together to allow two people to listen simultaneously. </text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>circa 1960s</text>
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                <text>Peter Bent Brigham Hospital records, 1830– (inclusive), 1911–1980 (bulk). BWH c3. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass. </text>
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          <element elementId="51">
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          <element elementId="128">
            <name>Provenance</name>
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                <text>From a collection of instruments used for training nurses donated to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Archives by the family of Shirley Egan, Director of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital School of Nursing, 1979–1985. </text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Clinical Studies of the Respiration, IV. The Vital Capacity of the Lungs and Its Relation to Dyspnea, &lt;em&gt;Archives of Internal Medicine&lt;/em&gt; (Chic). 1917;XX(3): 443-467. doi: 10.1001/ archinte.1917, page 446.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Respiration Research</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242563">
                <text>Figures 2 and 3 from "Clinical Studies of the Respiration, IV. The Vital Capacity of the Lungs and Its Relation to Dyspnea" in the September 1917 issue of &lt;em&gt;Archives of Internal Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, by F. W. Peabody and J.A. Wentworh, show spirometers in use.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242564">
                <text>F. W. Peabody and J.A. Wentworh</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242565">
                <text>Archives of Internal Medicine</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1917</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Lung section, pneumonia</text>
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          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="242557">
                <text>1989</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242558">
                <text>Brigham and Women's Hospital</text>
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                <text>Source:  Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology collections.</text>
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                <text>The original specimen and this digital image of it are the property of the Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology.</text>
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                <text>Plate 1 from &lt;em&gt;De l'auscultation médiate&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242545">
                <text>Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) was a French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816. This illustration of his design for a monaural stethoscope is from his book about auscultation, called&lt;em&gt; De l'auscultation médiate.&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="241200">
                <text>Warren Anatomical Museum Catalog Number: 21395</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="128">
            <name>Provenance</name>
            <description>A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="241201">
                <text>Found in Harvard Medical Library artifact collections and removed by Warren Anatomical Museum curator 04/03/2014</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="241426">
                <text>Smith-Petersen, Marius Nygaard, 1886-1953</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
