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                  <text>Benjamin Joy Jeffries, known as B. Joy Jeffries, was born in Boston on March 26, 1833. His father, John Jeffries (1796-1876) was a physician and his grandfather, also John Jeffries (1745-1819) had been a surgeon of the British Army during the American Revolution. B. Joy Jeffries received his A.B. from Harvard College in 1854 and his M.D. in 1857. He traveled to Vienna to study under Professors Arlt and Hebra. When he returned to Boston he opened a free dispensary with Dr. Francis P. Sprague (1834-1921) and Dr. James C. White that specialized in dermatology and ophthalmology. Over time he focused more and more on ophthalmology until it became his sole specialty. He was an ophthalmic surgeon at the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1866-1902, at which point he resigned and became a consulting surgeon. Jeffries is best known for his work in the field of color blindness. He published five papers on the subject in 1878, starting with “The Incurability of Congenital Color-Blindness”. These papers were followed by his book, “Color-Blindness, its Dangers and Detection” in 1879. Other notable publications include “Observations on a Peculiar Expression of the Eyes of the Color-Blind” (1881), “Color-Names, Color-Blindness and the Education of the Color-Sense in our Schools” (1882), and “Report of Examination of 27,927 School Children for Color Blindness” (1889). Jeffries was an advocate for color blindness testing, especially for railroad employees and sailors due to safety concerns related to signals. He was a proponent of Holmgren’s test, which involved the patient matching skeins of colored yarn to determine accuracy based on color group. Jeffries died in Boston on November 21, 1915.&#13;
&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>SOLEIL, Constructeur d'Instruments I'Optique; Anagnostakis, A. (Andreas), 1826-1897</text>
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                <text>B. Joy Jeffries Collection. c21127</text>
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                <text>WAM Catalog Number: 21127</text>
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                <text>Inscription: "SOLEIL Constructeur d'Instruments J' Optique Rue De L'ODEON 21. A PARIS" - on the silk lining; "Opthalmoscope given by Dr.B.Joy Jefrries" - old paper note inside the case; "Ophthalmoscope du Dr. A. Anagnostakis" - on the brass framework</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;An online &lt;a href="https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/med00756/catalog" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;guide to the collection&lt;/a&gt; is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This ophthalmoscope was donated by Benjamin Joy Jeffries.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>Inscription: "E.K:S&amp;amp;TTA:K:K:L:PK MECHANIKER IN WEIN(?)" - on the silk lining inside the case; "Ophthalmoscope used by Dr.Dix given by Dr.B.Joy Jeffries" - on the old paper note inside the case.</text>
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                <text>This ophthalmoscope was used by Dr. Dix but donated Benjamin Joy Jeffries.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>This ophthalmoscope was donated by Benjamin Joy Jeffries</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>Donders' Worsteds for testing color blindness, 1857-1915</text>
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            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Inscription: "HOLMGREN'S WORSTEDS" printed on exhibit label in box. "M. 428 / Holmgren Worsted" handwritten on tag. Notes about the kit present in box on stationary belonging to B Joy Jeffries.</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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                <text>This color blindness test was created and used by Dr. B. Joy Jeffries. It was donated by Jeffries' son in law, Dr. James Howard Means, in 1920.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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                <text>physical object</text>
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                <text>object</text>
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                <text>Medical Instruments, Equipment, and Devices</text>
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            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
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                <text>B. Joy Jeffries Collection. c21127</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>WAM Catalog Number: 22257</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Inscription: "Pocket Case / used by / Dr John Jeffries / 1815-1876" written on card found inside case</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Jeffries, John, 1796-1876</text>
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                <text>J&amp;amp;S Maw</text>
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                <text>Medical Instruments, Equipment, and Devices</text>
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                <text>Surgical Instruments</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="239211">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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            <name>Access Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="239212">
                <text>Accessing collections in the Warren Anatomical Museum and the Warren Anatomical Museum archive requires advanced notice. Please submit a request to Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu to access the displayed item</text>
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            <name>References</name>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;An online &lt;a href="https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/med00756/catalog" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;guide to the collection&lt;/a&gt; is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>1 Objects</text>
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            <name>Provenance</name>
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                <text>B. Joy Jeffries donated these objects in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. Many of the instruments belonged to his father, John Jeffries, grandfather, John Jeffries, and Dr. John Howard Dix.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>B. Joy Jeffries Collection, 1800-1915. WAM 21127-21131, 22251-22258</text>
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            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Surgical Instruments</text>
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                  <text>Ophthalmology</text>
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                  <text>Color Perception Tests</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="239456">
                  <text>Jeffries, B. Joy (Benjamin Joy), 1833-1915</text>
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                  <text>Jeffries, John 1796-1876</text>
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                  <text>Jeffries, John, 1745-1819</text>
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                  <text>Dix, John Homer, 1813-1884</text>
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                  <text>Benjamin Joy Jeffries, known as B. Joy Jeffries, was born in Boston on March 26, 1833. His father, John Jeffries (1796-1876) was a physician and his grandfather, also John Jeffries (1745-1819) had been a surgeon of the British Army during the American Revolution. B. Joy Jeffries received his A.B. from Harvard College in 1854 and his M.D. in 1857. He traveled to Vienna to study under Professors Arlt and Hebra. When he returned to Boston he opened a free dispensary with Dr. Francis P. Sprague (1834-1921) and Dr. James C. White that specialized in dermatology and ophthalmology. Over time he focused more and more on ophthalmology until it became his sole specialty. He was an ophthalmic surgeon at the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1866-1902, at which point he resigned and became a consulting surgeon. Jeffries is best known for his work in the field of color blindness. He published five papers on the subject in 1878, starting with “The Incurability of Congenital Color-Blindness”. These papers were followed by his book, “Color-Blindness, its Dangers and Detection” in 1879. Other notable publications include “Observations on a Peculiar Expression of the Eyes of the Color-Blind” (1881), “Color-Names, Color-Blindness and the Education of the Color-Sense in our Schools” (1882), and “Report of Examination of 27,927 School Children for Color Blindness” (1889). Jeffries was an advocate for color blindness testing, especially for railroad employees and sailors due to safety concerns related to signals. He was a proponent of Holmgren’s test, which involved the patient matching skeins of colored yarn to determine accuracy based on color group. Jeffries died in Boston on November 21, 1915.&#13;
&#13;
This collection of ophthalmology instruments contains items used by B. Joy Jeffries as well as his father, John Jeffries (1796-1876), grandfather, John Jeffries (1745-1819), and the physician John Homer Dix (1813-1884). The majority of these instruments were donated by B. Joy Jeffries in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. The test for color-blindness was used by B. Joy Jeffries and was donated by his son in law, James Howard Means.</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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              <text>Medical Instruments, Equipment, and Devices</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Case of urological sounds, 19th century</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>19th century</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>W. Smyth</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>physical object</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>object</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Medical Instruments, Equipment, and Devices</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>B. Joy Jeffries Collection. c21127</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>WAM Catalog Number: 22258</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="239225">
                <text>Inscription: "Old Urethreal Tin Sounds used by Dr. John Jeffries / GIVEN BY / Dr. B. Joy Jeffries." printed on exhibit label found inside case. "230" written on back of label</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Jeffries, John, 1745-1819 or Jeffries, John, 1796-1876</text>
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                <text>W. Smyth</text>
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                <text>Urology</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="239230">
                <text>The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all the materials in the collection. For use information, contact the Warren Anatomical Museum Curator at chm@hms.harvard.edu</text>
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            <name>Access Rights</name>
            <description>Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="239231">
                <text>Accessing collections in the Warren Anatomical Museum and the Warren Anatomical Museum archive requires advanced notice. Please submit a request to Public Services at chm@hms.harvard.edu to access the displayed item</text>
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            <name>References</name>
            <description>A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.</description>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;An online &lt;a href="https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/med00756/catalog" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;guide to the collection&lt;/a&gt; is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Extent</name>
            <description>The size or duration of the resource.</description>
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                <text>1 Objects</text>
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          <element elementId="128">
            <name>Provenance</name>
            <description>A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="239234">
                <text>B. Joy Jeffries donated these objects in 1906 for an American Medical Association exhibit curated by Dr. Townsend W. Thorndike. Jeffries made the donation for the exhibit with the intention that these objects would help found a permanent collection of historical medical instruments. Many of the instruments belonged to his father, John Jeffries, grandfather, John Jeffries, and Dr. John Howard Dix.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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